基于CNN的小麦籽粒完整性图像检测系统

为了快速、准确识别小麦籽粒的完整粒和破损粒,设计了基于卷积神经网络(CNN)的小麦籽粒完整性图像检测系统,并成功应用于实际检测中。采集完整粒和破损粒两类小麦籽粒图像,对图像进行分割、滤波等处理后,建立单粒小麦的图像数据库和形态特征数据库。采用LeNet-5、AlexNet、VGG-16和ResNet-34等4种典型卷积神经网络建立小麦籽粒完整性识别模型,并与SVM和BP神经网络所建模型进行对比。结果表明,SVM和BP神经网络所建模型的验证集识别准确率最高为92. 25%; 4种卷积神经网络模型明显优于两种传统模型,其中,识别性能最佳的AlexNet的测试集识别准确率为98. 02%,识别速率为0. 827 ms/粒。基于AlexNet模型设计了小麦籽粒完整性图像检测系统,检测结果显示,100粒小麦的检测时间为26. 3 s,其中,图像采集过程平均用时21. 2 s,图像处理与识别过程平均用时为5. 1 s,平均识别准确率为96. 67%。     

低扬程泵装置压力脉动特性

初步分析了低扬程泵及泵装置压力脉动的基本规律. 基于浙江姚江上游西排工程排涝泵站立式泵装置不同叶片角度和不同流量时的压力脉动特性模型试验结果,研究泵装置的叶轮室进口、叶轮室出口、导叶体出口和出水流道出口处的压力脉动规律. 从叶轮与导叶之间的水流条件、水泵运行工况等方面,对低扬程泵装置压力脉动进行了初步理论分析,提出了导叶体与叶轮间隙的大小、导叶体的叶片数对低扬程泵装置压力脉动特性的影响等需进一步研究的问题. 从水力因素和水泵制造等方面提出了避免低扬程泵装置压力脉动有害影响的对策:适当加大叶轮与导叶之间的间隙,避免水泵在偏离最优工况较多的条件下运行,提高水泵抗空化性能等;从避免产生共振的角度,提出适当加大叶轮叶片厚度、导叶叶片厚度和加强水泵的结构设计等措施.     

Straw mulching with fertilizer nitrogen: An approach for improving crop yield,soil nutrients and enzyme activities

Field experiments were conducted to study soil properties, soil enzymes activities, water use efficiency (WUE) and crop productivity after six years of soya bean straw mulching in the semi‐arid conditions of China. The experiment included four treatments: CK (Control), N (240 kg N ha^‐1), H (soya bean straw mulching at half rate 700 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1) and F (soya bean straw mulching at full rate 1,400 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1). Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), soil available N (AN), available P (AP) and enzyme activities were analysed after wheat harvesting in 2016 and 2017. Results show that straw amounts had positive effects on the soil fertility indices being higher for treatment F. The SOC, LOC, AN, AP and enzyme activities (i.e. saccharase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) were in the order of F > H > N > CK. High wheat grain yield and WUE were observed for F treatment. A total of six years mulching along with 240 kg ha^‐1 nitrogen fertilizer application is sufficient for wheat yield stability and improving soil properties except urease activities in the semi‐arid condition of China. However, the straw mulching amount should be further studied with minimum nitrogen fertilizer for an environment‐friendly and effective approach for improving the soil biological properties with adequate crop production on a sustainable basis in the semi‐arid region of China.     

寄主植物中抑制十字花科黑腐病菌Ⅲ型分泌系统小分子化合物的鉴定

 寻找抑制植物病原菌III型分泌系统的植物源活性小分子化合物,是研发生物安全农药的重要途径之一。本研究采用水煮提取法从十字花科黑腐病菌寄主植物满身红萝卜中提取分离活性小分子化合物,利用高效液相-质谱联用解析出活性物质的单体结构。然后用荧光素酶基因luxAB构建融合报告系统以及定量PCR检测活性物质对十字花科黑腐病菌III型分泌系统的抑制效果,最后采用剪叶接种和压渗接种的方法研究活性小分子物质对十字花科黑腐病菌的生防作用。研究表明,植物鞘氨醇和二氢鞘氨醇对十字花科黑腐病菌III型分泌系统基因的转录表达有一定程度的抑制作用,但是对I、II、IV型分泌系统基因的表达没有明显的抑制作用。植物鞘氨醇在XCM1上影响菌的生长,而二氢鞘氨醇不影响菌的生长。同时,还发现这两种物质能显著降低Xcc在寄主植株满身红萝卜上的病害症状以及能够使Xcc在非寄主植物辣椒上引起过敏反应的能力丧失。该研究结果为深入研究小分子化合物对十字花科黑腐病菌III型分泌系统的作用机制及后续开发植物源抑制剂提供了一定的理论依据。     

混合盐胁迫对马蔺幼苗根系构型及生长量的影响

为探讨不同种类盐胁迫对马蔺幼苗生长状况的影响,采用室内培养的方法,研究总质量浓度为0.3%的NaCl、NaHCO₃单盐溶液及其不同配比的混合盐溶液胁迫对马蔺(Iris lactea var. chinensis)幼苗生长量、地上部干鲜重比值、地下部干鲜重比值以及根系构型的影响。结果表明,随着胁迫时间的延长,0.3%NaCl溶液对叶数和株高增长量的影响最小,其次为3种混合盐溶液,各处理在第14天时株高增幅达到最大。经0.3%NaHCO₃处理后的幼苗地上部干鲜重的比值为空白对照的2.17倍,地下部干鲜重则为空白对照的56.61%,随着混合溶液中NaHCO₃浓度的上升,地上部干鲜重比值表现出上升的趋势,地下部干鲜重比值则表现出下降的趋势。经35天处理后,0.3%NaHCO₃胁迫的马蔺幼苗根系总长、根系表面积较对照均显著下降,降幅分别为39.73%、26.08%,而各处理间的根系体积却无显著差异。研究结果显示,0.3%NaHCO₃溶液对马蔺幼苗的胁迫作用最强,2种单盐对根系的胁迫作用强于混合盐胁迫,而0.3%NaCl溶液对生长量的胁迫作用最弱。     

雄性食蟹猴生殖系统中Ghrelin的分布定位

本文采用免疫组织化学染色方法,探讨ghrelin在雄性食蟹猴生殖系统内的分布定位。通过对ghrelin免疫阳性细胞在生殖系统中分布部位、含量及细胞形态等方面的研究,为今后ghrelin在食蟹猴体内的功能研究奠定形态学基础。免疫组化染色发现,ghrelin阳性细胞在食蟹猴的生殖系统中有分布。Ghrelin免疫阳性细胞被染为棕色到棕黑色,主要分布于睾丸、附睾及输精管中,精囊腺中无ghrelin阳性细胞分布。Ghrelin阳性细胞在组织中多呈散在分布。细胞大小不一、形态各异,多呈圆形、卵圆形、锥体形、长柱形及其他不规则形。     

Effects of apelin-13 on oxidative stress induced by high uric acid in adipocytes

AIM: To study the effects of apelin-13 on oxidative stress induced by high uric acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: 3T3-L1 adipocytes were stimulated with uric acid at 10 mg/dL for 48 h. Some of the adipocytes were administered with 1 μmol/L apelin-13 in the presence of uric acid at 10 mg/dL. The adipocytes stimulated with 100 μmol/L H₂O₂ were served as positive controls. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations were detected by flow cytometry. The biochemical kits were used to measure the activities of superotide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the cell lysate and the supernatant. The mRNA levels of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components, including angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin-converting enzyrne1 (ACE1), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and AT2R, as well as angiotensin II receptor -like 1 (APJ) were measured by real-time PCR. The concentrations of angiotensin II (AngⅡ) in the cell lysate and the supernatant were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Adipocytes stimulated with uric acid at 10 mg/dL had lower activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-PX and CAT) and higher levels of NOX activity and MDA content (P < 0.05). Accordingly, the intracellular ROS levels were found to be dramatically increased. However, apelin-13 administration attenuated uric acid-induced oxidative stress in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Uric acid at 10 mg/dL upregulated the mRNA expression of local RAS, enhanced AngⅡ concentrations both in the cell lysate and the supernatant, and down-regulated the mRNA level of APJ in the adipocytes (P < 0.05). Conversely, apelin-13 partially reversed these parameters. CONCLUSION: Apelin-13 attenuates oxidative stress induced by uric acid, may be via down-regulation of local RAS expression in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes.     

我国国家公园与自然保护地法律制度衔接研究

我国既有的各类自然保护地存在空间交叉重叠、权责模糊、多头管理等突出问题，成为制约我国生态文明建设的体制难题。建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系，正是国家破解这一难题的制度举措。文中在介绍国家公园与自然保护地概念、分析我国自然保护地现有法律制度存在主要问题的基础上，提出了国家公园与自然保护地法律制度衔接的设想。在国家公园体制建设的过程中，理顺国家公园与既有自然保护地之间的关系，加强国家公园与自然保护地法律制度的衔接显得尤为重要。具体思路为:在宏观政策法律层面，从国家统一立法、提升立法协调性、扩大公众参与等方面提出国家公园体制法律建构的整体设想；在微观制度保障层面，吸纳保护原则、差异原则及衔接原则，建立国家统一自然保护地管理制度。建议以《国家公园法》的制定为契机，统筹考量制定符合我国国情的统领自然空间保护的基本法——《自然保护地法》。     

An isolate of Wheat streak mosaic virus from foxtail overcomes Wsm2 resistance in wheat

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is an economically important pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum) causing major yield losses in regions where severe infection occurs. To detect the presence of any new virus or new WSMV isolates, green foxtail (Setaria viridis) plants exhibiting virus-like symptoms were sampled in a summer-fallowed wheat field at the Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas State University, Hays, Kansas. These plants were tested serologically for four wheat viruses: WSMV, Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV) and Foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV). Among 38 plant samples exhibiting virus-like symptoms, 29 contained WSMV as indicated by ELISA. Four isolates from samples with relatively strong reactions were transferred to healthy wheat seedlings by mechanical inoculation in a growth chamber for pathogenicity testing. Three isolates were avirulent to a wheat variety RonL, which contains Wsm2, a gene providing temperature-sensitive resistance to currently prevalent isolates of WSMV. However, one isolate, KSH294, was able to infect RonL and showed more virulence on two other varieties/lines containing Wsm2. Further sequence and phylogenetic analysis of KSH294 confirmed that this isolate displays a sequence homology with WSMV, but has sequence differences making it distinct from previously identified WSMV isolates included in the phylogenetic analysis.